1. In our comprehensive analysis of NHANES data, we identified a significant relationship between glyphosate exposure and whole blood selenium levels. Excessively high whole blood selenium levels may not only reduce the protective effects against all-cause mortality but could also increase the risk of glyphosate-related mortality, suggesting a U-shaped relationship between selenium levels and mortality risk. Additionally, we are the first group to suggest an association between glyphosate exposure and biomarkers indicative of neurological damages. If the correlation observed is causal, it raises concerns about the potential effects of glyphosate exposure on neurological health. Moreover, we identified higher glyphosate exposure is associated with reduced iron availability, suggesting potential disruptions in iron absorption. These findings underscore the need for further research into the health implications of glyphosate exposure on iron homeostasis.

2. Our findings highlight the need for further research into the health effects of glyphosate exposure and its potential public health implications.

Keywords：Urinary glyphosate; NHANES; neurofilament; iron; selenium